BRP Publications

BRP Documents and Presentations

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Journal Articles

  1. Aboukhalil A, Nielsen L, Saeed M, Mark RG, Clifford GD.
    Reducing false alarm rates for critical arrhythmias: a large-scale MIMIC II study.
    Journal of Biomedical Informatics June 2008; 41(3):442-451.

  2. Clifford GD, Long WJ, Moody GB, Szolovits P.
    Robust parameter extraction for decision support using multimodal intensive care data.
    Phil Trans Royal Soc A 2008; in press.

  3. Jia X, Malhotra A, Saeed M, Mark RG, Talmor D.
    Risk factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients mechanically ventilated for greater than 48 hours.
    CHEST 2008 133: 853-861.

  4. Li Q, Mark RG, Clifford GD.
    Robust heart rate estimation from multiple asynchronous noisy sources using signal quality indices and a Kalman Filter.
    IOP Physiol Meas Jan 2008; 29(1):15-32.

  5. Neamatullah I, Douglass M, Lehman LH, Reisner A, Villarroel M, Long WJ, Szolovits P, Moody GB, Mark RG, Clifford GD.
    Automated De-Identification of Free-Text Medical Records.
    BMC Medical Inform Decis Mak 2008; in press.

  6. Uzuner Ö, Sibanda TC, Luo Y, Szolovits P.
    A de-identifier for medical discharge summaries.
    Artif Intell Med 2008; 42(1):13-35.
    ISSN 0933-3657.

  7. Wolfberg AJ, DeRosier DJ, Roberts T, Syed Z, Clifford GD, Acker D, du Plessis AJ.
    A comparison of subjective and mathematical estimations of fetal heart rate variability.
    Journal of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2008; 21(2):101-4.

  8. Zhang Y, Szolovits P.
    Patient-specific learning in real time for adaptive monitoring in critical care.
    J Biomed Inform June 2008; 41(3):452-60.

  9. Lian J, Clifford GD, Müessig D, Lang V.
    Open source model for generating RR intervals in atrial fibrillation and beyond.
    BioMedical Engineering OnLine March 2007; 6(9):1-16.
    Doi:10.1186/1475-925X-6-9.

  10. Sameni R, Clifford GD, Shamsollahi MB, Jutten C.
    Multi-channel ECG and noise modeling: application to maternal and fetal ECG signals.
    EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing 2007; 2007(43407):1-14.

  11. Sameni R, Shamsollahi MB, Jutten C, Clifford GD.
    A nonlinear Bayesian filtering framework for ECG denoising.
    IEEE Trans Biomed Eng December 2007; 54(12):2172-2185.

  12. Uzuner Ö, Luo Y, Szolovits P.
    Evaluating the state-of-the-art in automatic de-identification.
    J Am Med Inform Assoc Sept/Oct 2007; 14(5):550-563.

  13. Clifford GD.
    A novel framework for signal representation and source separation.
    Journal of Biological Systems June 2006; 14(2):169-183.

  14. He T, Clifford GD, Tarassenko L.
    Application of ICA in removing artefacts from the ECG.
    Neural Comput and Applic 2006; 15(2):105-116.

  15. Heldt T.
    Continuous blood pressure-derived cardiac output monitoring - should we be thinking long term?.
    J Appl Physiol 2006; 101(2):373-374.
    Invited editorial.

  16. Parlikar T, Heldt T, Verghese G.
    Cycle-averaged models of cardiovascular dynamics.
    IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Fundamental Theory and Applications 2006; 53(11):2459-2468.

  17. Clifford GD, Shoeb A, McSharry PE, Janz BA.
    Model-based Filtering, Compression and Classification of the ECG.
    International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism 2005; 7(1):158-161.

  18. Clifford GD, Tarassenko L.
    Quantifying errors in spectral estimates of HRV due to beat replacement and resampling.
    IEEE Transactions in Biomedical Engineering 2005; 52(4):630-638.

  19. Heldt T, Chang JL, Chen JJS, Verghese GC, Mark RG.
    Cycle-averaged dynamics of a periodically driven, closed loop circulation model.
    Control Engineering Practice 2005; 13:1163-1171.

  20. Mukkamala R, Reisner TA, Hojman H, Mark RG, Cohen RJ.
    Continuous cardiac output monitoring by peripheral blood pressure waveform analysis.
    IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 2005; 53(3):459-467.

  21. Clifford GD, Tarassenko L.
    Segmenting cardiac-related data using sleep stages increases separation between normal subjects and apnoeic patients.
    IOP Physiol Meas 2004; (25):N27-N35.

  22. Jager F, Moody GB, Mark RG.
    Protocol to assess robustness of ST analysers: a case study.
    Physiological Measurement 2004; 25(3):629-643.

  23. Zong W, Moody GB, Mark RG.
    Reduction of false arterial blood pressure alarms using signal quality assessment and relationships between the electrocardiogram and arterial blood pressure.
    Med Biol Eng Comput 2004; 42:698-706.

  24. McSharry PE, Clifford GD, Tarassenko L.
    A dynamical model for generating synthetic electrocardiogram signals.
    IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2003; 50(3):289-294.

  25. Heldt T, Shim EB, Kamm RD, Mark RG.
    Computational modeling of cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress.
    J Appl Physiol 2002; 92(3):1239-1254.

Conference Proceedings

  1. Hug C, Clifford GD.
    An analysis of the errors in recorded heart rate and blood pressure in the ICU using a complex set of signal quality metrics.
    Computers in Cardiology September 2007; 34:641-645.

  2. Lehman LH, Kyaw TH, Clifford GD, Mark RG.
    A temporal search engine for a massive multi-parameter clinical information database.
    Computers in Cardiology September 2007; 34:637-640.

  3. Long WJ.
    Lessons extracting diseases from discharge summaries.
    AMIA Annu Symp Proc November 10-14 2007; 478-482.

  4. Parlikar TA, Heldt T, Ranade GV, Verghese GC.
    Model-based estimation of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance.
    Computers in Cardiology 2007; 34:379-382.

  5. Villarroel M, Saeed A, Clifford GD, Moody GB, Mark RG.
    Finding relevant cases in large databases of signals, time series, and clinical data.
    Computers in Cardiology September 2007; 34:265-268.

  6. Wolfberg AJ, Syed Z, Clifford GD, Tin A, Guttag J, du Plessis AJ.
    Entropy of fetal EKG associated with intrapartum fever.
    New England Conference on Perinatal Research October 2007.

  7. Zhang Y, Silvers CT, Randolph AG.
    Real-Time Evaluation of Patient Monitoring Algorithms for Critical Care at the Bedside.
    29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE on Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Aug 2007; 2783-2786.

  8. Zhang Y.
    Real-Time Development of Patient-Specific Alarm Algorithms for Critical Care.
    29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE on Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Aug 2007; 4351-4354.

  9. Clifford GD, Villarroel M.
    Model-based determination of QT intervals.
    Computers in Cardiology 2006; 33:357-360.

  10. Clifford GD, Aboukhalil A, Zong W, Sun JX, Janz B, Moody GB, Mark RG.
    Using the blood pressure waveform to reduce critical false ECG alarms.
    Computers in Cardiology 2006; 33:829-832.

  11. Heldt T, Chernyak YB.
    Analytical solution to minimal cardiovascular model.
    Computers in Cardiology September 2006; 33:785-788.

  12. Heldt T, Long W, Verghese GC, Szolovits P, Mark RG.
    Integrating data, models, and reasoning in critical care.
    Proceedings of the 28th IEEE EMBS International Conference September 2006; 28:350-353.

  13. Moody GB, Koch H, Steinhoff U.
    The PhysioNet/Computers in Cardiology Challenge 2006: QT interval measurement.
    Computers in Cardiology 2006; 33:313-316.

  14. Roberts JM, Parlikar TA, Heldt T, Verghese GC.
    Bayesian networks for cardiovascular monitoring.
    Proceedings of the 28th IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Conference 2006; 205-209.

  15. Saeed M, Mark RG.
    A novel method for the efficient retrieval of similar multiparameter physiologic time series using Wavelet-based symbolic representations.
    AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2006; 679-683.

  16. Sun JX, Reisner AT, Mark RG.
    A signal abnormality index for arterial blood pressure waveforms.
    Computers in Cardiology September 2006; 33:13-16.

  17. Zong W, Saeed M, Heldt T.
    A QT interval detection algorithm based on ECG curve length transform.
    Computers in Cardiology 2006; 33:377-380.

  18. Sibanda T, He T, Szolovits P, , Uzuner O.
    Syntactically-informed semantic category recognizer for discharge summaries.
    Proceedings of the Fall Symposium of the American Medical Informatics Association AMIA November 2006; 714-718.

  19. Clifford GD, McSharry PE.
    Method to filter ECGs and evaluate clinical parameter distortion using realistic ECG model parameter fitting.
    Computers in Cardiology 2005; 32:715-718.

  20. Clifford GD, Zapanta L, Janz BA, Mietus J, Mark RG.
    Segmentation of 24-hour cardiovascular activity using ECG-based sleep/sedation and noise metrics.
    Computers in Cardiology 2005; 32:595-598.

  21. Douglass M, Clifford GD, Reisner A, Long WJ, Moody GB, Mark RG.
    De-identification algorithm for free-text nursing notes .
    Computers in Cardiology 2005; 32:341-344.

  22. Heldt T, Mark RG.
    Understanding post-spaceflight orthostatic intolerance: a simulation study.
    Computers in Cardiology 2005; 32:631-634.

  23. Janz BA, Saeed M, Frassica J, Clifford GD, Mark RG.
    Development and optimization of a critical care alert and display (CCAD) system using retrospective ICU databases.
    AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2005; .

  24. Janz BA, Clifford GD, Mark RG.
    A multivariable analysis of sedation, activity and agitation in critically ill patients using the Riker scale, ECG, blood pressure and respiratory rate.
    Computers in Cardiology 2005; 32:735-738.

  25. Janz BA, Frassica J, Baker C, Clifford GD, Mark RG.
    A new paradigm for managing information in the ICU in response to the 80 hour work week.
    New England Surgical Society 2005; 86:118-119.

  26. Long WJ.
    Extracting diagnoses from discharge summaries.
    AMIA Annu Symp Proc October 22-26 2005; 470-474.

  27. McSharry PE, Clifford GD.
    A Statistical model of the sleep-wake dynamics of the cardiac Rhythm.
    Computers in Cardiology 2005; 32:591-594.

  28. Parlikar TA, Verghese GC.
    A simple cycle-averaged model for cardiovascular dynamics.
    Proceedings of the 27th Annual IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Conference 2005; 27:5490-5494.

  29. Samar Z, Heldt T, Verghese G, Mark R.
    Model-based cardiovascular parameter estimation in the intensive care unit.
    Computers in Cardiology 2005; 32:635-638.

  30. Sun JX, Reisner AT, Saeed M, Mark RG.
    Estimating cardiac output from arterial blood pressure waveforms: a critical evaluation using the MIMIC II database.
    Computers in Cardiology September 2005; 32:295-298.

  31. Abdala OT, Clifford GD, Saeed M, Reisner A, Moody GB, Henry I, Mark RG.
    The Annotation Station: an open-source technology for annotating large biomedical databases.
    Computers in Cardiology 2004; 31:681-685.

  32. Abdala OT, Saeed M.
    Estimation of missing values in clinical laboratory measurements of ICU patients using a weighted K-nearest neighbors algorithm.
    Computers in Cardiology 2004; 31:693-696.

  33. Ali W, Eshelman L, Saeed M.
    Identifying artifacts in arterial blood pressure using morphogram variability.
    Computers in Cardiology September 2004; 31:697-700.

  34. Clifford GD, McSharry PE.
    A realistic coupled nonlinear artificial ECG, BP, and respiratory signal generator for assessing noise performance of biomedical signal processing algorithms.
    Proc of SPIE International Symposium on Fluctuations and Noise 2004; 5467(34):290-301.

  35. Clifford GD, McSharry PE.
    A nonlinear artificial model for generating realistic correlated ECG, BP and respiration.
    17th international EURASIP conference June 2004; 358-360.
    Biosignal 2004, Brno, Czech Republic.

  36. Clifford GD, McSharry PE.
    Generating 24-hour ECG, BP and respiratory signals with realistic linear and nonlinear clinical characteristics using a nonlinear model.
    Computers in Cardiology 2004; 31:709-712.

  37. Douglass M, Clifford GD, Reisner A, Moody GB, Mark RG.
    Computer-assisted de-identification of free text in the MIMIC II database.
    Computers in Cardiology 2004; 31:341-344.

  38. Healey J, Clifford GD, Kontothanassis L, McSharry PE.
    An open-source method for simulating atrial fibrillation using ECGSYN .
    Computers in Cardiology 2004; 31:425-427.

  39. Heldt T, Mark RG.
    Scaling cardiovascular parameters for population simulations.
    Computers in Cardiology 2004; 31:133-136.

  40. McSharry PE, Clifford GD.
    A comparison of nonlinear noise reduction and independent component analysis using a realistic dynamical model of the electrocardiogram.
    Proc of SPIE International Symposium on Fluctuations and Noise 2004; 5467(09):78-88.

  41. McSharry PE, Clifford GD.
    Open-source software for generating electrocardiogram signals.
    ARXIV preprints 2004; 0406017.

  42. Moody GB.
    Spontaneous termination of atrial fibrillation: a challenge from PhysioNet and Computers in Cardiology 2004.
    Computers in Cardiology 19-22 Sept. 2004; 31:101-104.

  43. Nam DS, Youn CH, Lee BH, Clifford GD, Healey J.
    QoS-constrained resource allocation for a Grid-based multiple source electrocardiogram application .
    Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2004; 3043:352-359.
    Information Systems and Information Technologies (ISIT) Workshop, (Grid Session).

  44. Shu J, Clifford GD, Saeed M, Long WJ, Moody GB, Szolovits P, Mark RG.
    An open-source, interactive Java-based system for rapid encoding of significant events in the ICU using the Unified Medical Language System.
    Computers in Cardiology 2004; 31:197-200.

  45. Wang H, Azuaje F, Clifford GD, Jung B, Black N.
    Methods and tools for generating and managing ecgML-based information.
    Computers in Cardiology 2004; 31:573-576.

  46. Youn CH, Nam DS, Kim B, An ES, Lee BH, Shim EB, Clifford GD.
    QoS quorum-constrained resource management in wireless grid.
    Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2004; 3222:65-72.
    Network and Parallel Computing, (NPC 2004), IFIP International Conference, Wuhan, China, October 18-20.

  47. Youn CH, Kim B, Nam DS, Shim EB, Clifford GD, Healey J.
    Resource reconfiguration scheme based on temporal quorum status estimation in computational grids.
    Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2004; 699-707.

  48. Chen JJS, Heldt T, Verghese GC, Mark RG.
    Analytical solution to simplified circulatory model using piecewise linear elastance.
    Computers in Cardiology 2003; 30:45-48.

  49. Heldt T, Chang JL, Verghese GC, Mark RG.
    Cycle-averaged models of cardiovascular dynamics.
    Modelling and Control in Biomedical Systems 2003; 387-391.

  50. Heldt T, Oefinger MB, Hoshiyama M, Mark RG.
    Circulatory response to passive and active changes in posture.
    Computers in Cardiology September 2003; 30:263-266.

  51. Long WJ.
    Parsing free text nursing notes.
    AMIA Annu Symp Proc November 8-12 2003; 917.

  52. Moody GB, Jager F.
    Distinguishing ischemic from non-ischemic ST changes: the PhysioNet/Computers in Cardiology Challenge 2003.
    Computers in Cardiology 2003; 30:235-237.
    ISSN 0276-6547.

  53. Szolovits P.
    Adding a medical lexicon to an English parser.
    AMIA Annu Symp Proc November 8-12 2003; 639-643.

  54. Zong W, Heldt T, Moody GB, Mark RG.
    An open-source algorithm to detect onset of arterial blood pressure pulses.
    Computers in Cardiology 2003; 30:259-262.

  55. Zong W, Moody GB, Jiang D.
    A robust open-source algorithm to detect onset and duration of QRS complexes.
    Computers in Cardiology 2003; 30:737-740.

Theses

  1. Francis SE.
    Continuous estimation of cardiac output and arterial blood resistance from arterial blood pressure using a third-order Windkessel model.
    M.Eng. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, June 2007.

  2. Jia X.
    Risk factors for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients mechanically ventilated for greater than 48 hours.
    M.Eng. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, September 2007.

  3. Li SX.
    Probabilistic network models in cardiovascular monitoring.
    M.Eng. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, June 2007.

  4. Parlikar TA.
    Modeling and Monitoring of Cardiovascular Dynamics for Patients in Critical Care.
    Doctoral dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, June 2007.

  5. Saeed M.
    Temporal Pattern Recognition in Multiparameter ICU Data.
    Doctoral dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, June 2007.

  6. Shavdia D.
    Septic shock: providing early warnings using logistic regression models.
    M.Eng. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, September 2007.

  7. Trepetin S.
    Privacy in context: the costs and benefits of a new deidentification method.
    Doctoral dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2006.

  8. Zamanian SA.
    Modeling and simulating human cardiovascular response to acceleration.
    M.S. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, June 2007.

  9. Hug C.
    Predicting the risk and trajectory of intensive care patients using survival models.
    M.S. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, September 2006.

  10. Neamatullah I.
    Automated de-identification of free text medical records.
    M.Eng. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, September 2006.

  11. Oefinger MB.
    Monitoring transient repolarization segment morphology deviations in mouse ECG.
    Doctoral dissertation, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, September 2006.

  12. Roberts JM.
    Bayesian networks for cardiovascular monitoring.
    M.S. thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, June 2006.

  13. Sibanda T.
    Was the patient cured? Understanding semantic categories and their relationships in patient records.
    M.Eng. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, September 2006.

  14. Sun J.
    Cardiac output estimation using arterial blood pressure waveforms.
    M.Eng. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, September 2006.

  15. Abdala OT.
    The Annotation Station: an open source technology for data visualization and annotation of large biomedical databases.
    M.Eng. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, September 2005.

  16. Douglass M.
    Computer-assisted de-identification of free-text nursing notes.
    M.Eng. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, February 2005.

  17. Kyaw TH.
    Formatting and searching a massive, multi-parameter clinical information database.
    Master's thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, September 2005.

  18. Renjifo CA.
    Exploration, processing, and visualization of physiological signals from the ICU.
    M.Eng. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, June 2005.

  19. Samar Z.
    Cardiovascular parameter estimation using a computational model.
    M.S. thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, June 2005.

  20. Shu J.
    Free text phrase encoding and information extraction from medical notes.
    M.Eng. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, September 2005.

  21. Zapanta LF.
    Heart rate variability in mice with coronary heart disease.
    M.S. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, September 2005.

  22. Heldt T.
    Computational Models of Cardiovascular Function During Orthostatic Stress.
    Doctoral dissertation, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, September 2004.

  23. Thorn K.
    Characterization of intravenous medication administration in an intensive care unit.
    M.S. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, September 2004.

  24. Chen JJS.
    Analytical solution to a simplified circulatory model using piecewise linear elastance function.
    M.S. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, July 2003.

  25. Levine JM.
    De-identification of ICU patient records.
    M.Eng. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, June 2003.

  26. Oefinger MB.
    System for remote multichannel real-time monitoring of mouse ECG via the Internet.
    M.S. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, September 2003.

  27. Zhang Y.
    Real-time analysis of physiological data and development of alarm algorithms for patient monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit.
    M.S. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, September 2003.

  28. Chang JL.
    Cycle-averaged models of cardiovascular dynamics.
    M.Eng. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, June 2003.

Books and Book Chapters

  1. Clifford GD, Azuaje F, McSharry PE (eds.).
    Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis, volume 1 of Engineering in Medicine and Biology.
    1 edition. Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House, October 2006.
    ISBN 1-58053-966-1.

  2. Clifford GD, Oefinger MB.
    Ch 2: ECG Acquisition, Storage, Transmission, and Representation in Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis, volume 1 of Engineering in Medicine and Biology.
    1 edition. Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House, October 2006; 27-53.
    ISBN 1-58053-966-1.

  3. Clifford GD.
    Ch 3: ECG Statistics, Noise, Artifacts, and Missing Data in Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis, volume 1 of Engineering in Medicine and Biology.
    1 edition. Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House, October 2006; 55-99.
    ISBN 1-58053-966-1.

  4. Clifford GD.
    Ch 5: Linear Filtering MethodsAdvanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis, volume 1 of Engineering in Medicine and Biology.
    1 edition. Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House, October 2006; 135-170.
    ISBN 1-58053-966-1.

  5. McSharry PE, Clifford GD.
    Ch 4: Models for ECG and RR interval Processes in Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis, volume 1 of Engineering in Medicine and Biology.
    1 edition. Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House, October 2006; 101-133.
    ISBN 1-58053-966-1.

  6. McSharry PE, Clifford GD.
    Ch 6: Nonlinear Filtering Methods in Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis, volume 1 of Engineering in Medicine and Biology.
    1 edition. Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House, October 2006; 171-196.
    ISBN 1-58053-966-1.

  7. Reisner AT, Clifford GD, Mark RG.
    Ch 1: The Physiological Basis of the Electrocardiogram in Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis, volume 1 of Engineering in Medicine and Biology.
    1 edition. Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House, October 2006; 1-25.
    ISBN 1-58053-966-1.


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Last modified 2008-07-25